Ernesto Ziller and Athens

Many beautiful buildings in Athens from the 19th century are a result of Ernesto Zillers work who lived many years in Greece as an architect. Though unfortunatly most of them have not survived.

At the National Gallery of Athens (Pinakothiki) there are many drawings of buildings and villas that Ziller made and projects that he never completed or even started. It is an exhibition that show another Athens, the Athens of the past, everybody should see it.

Take a very small taste from the pictures that follow.

Likavitos,Athens

A proposal of the architect Ernesto Chiller for the mountain of Likavitos.

The detail in the first picture show the monument that

was supposed to be built on the top of the mountain.

(Today a church and a restaurant are on the top.)

The academy in Athens, behind is the mountain of Lykavitos.

View over Athens in the early 1800.

Another view of Athens and the mountain of Lykavitos.

Chiller with his wife in the photograph, next to the right of that is his passport and a little drawing of him.

Easter Island

One of the first photographs taken on the island when they still hadn't discovered all it's glorious statues...

Working women in Greece

Working Women paid for their work in 1850-1940

Not until recent years it was not always given that women got paid for work, necessary for themselves or the community. What the world believed and still believes in some places is that her place where she belongs or what belongs to her is family. Her “nature” sort of speak, her reproduction ability was associated with family and that transformed into the goal of her life, her complete-completion of her existence.

That idea dominated into the centuries and formed the belief to everyone that this is not only her role but the purpose of her existence. For the women it was forbidden to get paid for work, while they never stopped working, especially within the family. They started working outside of the family now and then but most of the times without any reward.

The massive participation of women into paid labor started with the industrial revolution in all the countries. In Greece they started some decades after the independence and creation of the Greek state, in the middle 19th century, with the appearance of some fundamental industrial and craftwork-factories. These years the Greek women where nowhere to be seen in the public places of industry and work, it was forbidden.

In all the constitutions which had been voted until 1927 there are articles which guarantees the equality of all Greek people or the free access in the public jobs. But they only apply to men who work, although they do not exclude explicitly women. Slowly and in miserable conditions, Greek women joined in the working business, without the public acceptance and only in certain jobs. That because of their need or the employers demands for cheap, submissive and temporary workers.

The first time that the working place is separated from the work in the family in Greece is in the 19th century. Their responsibilities and duties to the family are kept without any minimum reduction. They stay dominant in womens lifes while even themselves don’t question them. In the biggest cities in Greece a problematic urban class starts to emerge which needs this particular working labor force in various areas. The jobs for the women that emerge those years are jobs that don’t demand even the most basic grammar or professional knowledge.
They usually worked as maids, field workers, laundry, porters, dressmakers, weavers, midwifes or nurses.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Women start to work in a younger age than the men, 10-12years old, 12-14hours a day for everyone, in the same conditions but being paid differently. Women got paid 1/3 of what men did.


In 1887 the first strike occurred by women workers at the Retsina factory because their salary was reduced.

A bit later a small group of educated women rise the question of girls education and work.

The educated women of the middle class started to realize that they were living within the strict boundaries of their gender. Slowly more and more women started to take initiatives. In most cases where women worked it was unmarried women and women who were trying to gather something for their dowry. Men didn’t like women’s involvement in work, at that time not only men but also women believed that work did make a woman get out of her main goal in life, which was off course to have children.


TEACHER
When girls started to go to school and get educated women started to become teachers. They began their teaching profession at the age of 16-17 and where often faced with difficult situations as a female teacher, often she worked in a small village far away from her family and women teachers were not yet completely accepted from many.

Work inspectors in 1920-30s stated that 50% of the women who worked were very young (10-19y.old) without any education and they provided for at least one member of their family. After 1922 1/3 were immigrants, orphans and most of them worked at a factory until they got married. Their salary was much lower than men’s even if they were specialized and the men were students.

Unfortunately the laws were not always followed. They often worked more hours than allowed and health circumstances were often miserable.

Changes for the better and a more equal situation followed very slowly and after many resistances in the 19th century.

Card games

The word “Card” in Greek is “Trapoula”, it origins from the Italian word “trappola”. It is a term word which puts us right in the trap. Man always dared his luck, for good or bad, he tried through different games to capsize destiny or fate. Lucky games came to us from the ancient world. The laws of Byzantium forbid any game playing for money and all sort of gambling. But that didn’t stop the lucky games. Later on through the years came the famous card game.

The Cards originally came from Asia, we start seeing them in Europe around 14th century and thereafter they slowly emerged into Europeans lives. Off course in the beginning it was a privilege only for the wealthy, as the cards were handmade and very expensive but later they became very common.
We know for sure that the game came from Asia, but where exactly we don’t know, many assume it can be somewhere between China and India around the 10th century.
In Spain it became known in 1371, in Italy 1376, in France 1377and Germany 1384.

As they spread the church reacted, so the Sienna bishops 1377 and Paris 1389 forbid the Christians to play cards.
Although the many prohibitions, cards managed to survive and thrive through the centuries. Especially since the invention of typography which made the making of the cards very cheap.

Cards became not only a vessel of good and bad luck, but also a mean of education with much different information. In the end of the decade of 1820 in Greece, a phillelenic card deck was published, with figures of Kolokotronis, Mioulis, Kapodistrias. These cards had sure played their part of “communication” in the years of war for independence.

Through the French Revolution there were cards with anti-religious images on them. The same did the Bolsheviks in 1917.
Cards were also used for educational purposes by Thomas Murner(1475-1537) when he presented a system of logic in a deck of cards. Baptist Pendelton in 1651 used the cards to teach grammar and German philosophers’ teached Latin with card in the 17th century.

Many geographers, like DeVal (1599-1677) and Poilly and Mitoire(1763) used cards to expand their knowledge of geography.

In recent years the cards have been used even in science, as the probability theory owe much to them.
Today the back side of the cards are many times a place for advertisements.

In Greece
We don’t really know when they first came to Greece, but in the Ionian islands they played cards from the time of Venetians there.
In 1937 the card images almost wore.. traditional greek rustic shoes, kilts and kerchief! Haha, there were local newspapers that wrote in January 1937: although governments attempts to stop card-playing it decided that Greeks can at least play with card decks which would have Greek images on. But Greek images never showed up.

In a private collection in Germany there is a card deck with Greek images which is
estimated to be from 1822!
Kings are said to be in the form of Alexander Ipsilantis, Odisseas Androutsos,
Georgio Kantakouzinou.
Queens are in the images of princess Mourouzi, Elena Topali, Bouboulina and Ipsilantis sisters.
Jokers appear as agonists from different areas, Idreos, Moraitis, Arnaoutis. From this card deck there have only survived 11 cards which are at the Historical and Ethnological Museum.

Spying writers

There have been many writers who were also secret-spying agents.
Fey Weldon is one of the last writer being in contact with secret services. After her studies at St Andrews in the 50's she got a job at the Search Information Department which was funded by M16 of the secret services. She has stated about that "my role was rather insignificant".


Ian Flemming, had a more safe life than his creation James Bond. He was an admiral assistant in the matters of sea spying. He soon was incharge of a sabotage at some romanian facilities, which was a failure. The perfect conspiracy was without a doubt in his novels.

John Bingham, a thriller writer (like the "A fragment ofg fear"). One of his staff members was David Cornwell, who started to write with the nickname John Le Carre when he was in Hamburg. His heroe , John Smily, is based on Bingham. Though Bingham accused David about spreading the idea that everybody who works at a secret service agency are "stupid and gay.."

Many writers came in contact with secret services after being popular for their writing.
Graham Greene published his book "The power and the Glory" in 1940, with many reveals the time when he was in the V section in Saint Albans.

Christopher Marlow, theatrical author, was spying on Duke of Northumberland. His biographer said that he had to be with spies and crooks because he was one of them. These kind of novels were more successful than poetry. He was one of the many writers that were recruited at the first official secret service. He was murdered from his "own people".

A little more safe jobs had the poets Edmumd Spencer, John Milton, Andrew Marvel. Spencer carried letters from France and wrote propagnda texts about Irland, in the 1598 revolution.

The biggest writer-spy of all was Daniel Defoe, the creator of Robinson Crusoe, he was recruited by Queen Anna. He gothered material about important persons political conncetions. He used different nicknames like Alexander Goldsmith, he had different writing styles and had invented a writing code were the parliament had number 212, the queen 223 and the Jacobites 161. He had many ideas about improving the agency and at onepoint he complaned to his superiors about the luck of safety at the headquarters.

Kalmar Castle

Kalmar Castle, located near the site of Kalmar's medieval harbor, has played a crucial part in Swedish history since its initial construction as a fortified tower in the 12th century. King Magnus Ladulås ordered the construction of a fortress around the tower in the 1280s, and was further expanded in the centuries that followed.

One of the most significant political events took place at Kalmar Castle in 1397, when the Kalmar Union was formed - a union of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, organized by Queen Margaret I of Denmark.

The fortress was improved during the 16th century under the direction of King Gustav Vasa and his sons Eric XIV and John III, who turned the medieval fortress into a castle fit for a renaissance king. Today, it is one of Sweden's best preserved renaissance castles.